Impact of hepatitis C virus eradication with direct-acting antivirals on glycidic metabolism

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the glucose metabolism of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in pretreatment and sustained viral response (SVR) periods. Materials and methods: This was an intervention pre-post study of 273 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with DAAs from March 2018 to December 2019. Glycidic metabolism was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) - insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA-β indices and assessments of insulinemia and HbA1c levels. These parameters were analyzed with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables and Wilcoxon's test paired for the median; in the variables with an abnormal distribution, the Z score was generated for the mean in both the pretreatment and SVR periods. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 273 participants, 125 (45.8%) had prediabetes, and 50 (18.3%) had diabetes. In SVR, there was a significant increase in platelets, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and triglycerides and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma GT and bilirubin. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices increased in SVR from 1.95 to 2.29 (p = 0.087) and 71.20 to 82.60 (p = 0.001), respectively. Insulinemia increased from 7.60 μU/mL to 8.90 μU/mL (p = 0.011). HbA1c decreased from 5.6 to 5.4 (p < 0.001). Among patients with prediabetes and those with diabetes, the reduction in HbA1c values was significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: SVR significantly impacts and leads to improvement in glucose metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis C virus.

Effects of hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral load on glucose and lipid metabolism after sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study, carried out at the university hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, was to assess whether the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals and the sustained virological response will affect the metabolic influences of the hepatitis C virus and whether these effects will vary according to genotypes and virus load. METHODS: This is an intervention pre-post study, carried out from March 2018 to December 2019, evaluating 273 hepatitis C virus patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Inclusion criteria included being monoinfected with hepatitis C virus and achieving sustained virological response . Exclusion criteria included the presence of decompensated cirrhosis or co-infected with hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Genotypes, genotype 1 subtypes, and hepatitis C virus viral load were analyzed. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance indices: Homeostasis Model Assessment-β, TyG, and HbA1c, measured at the beginning of treatment and in sustained virological response. Statistical analysis with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables in the pretreatment and in the sustained virological response. RESULTS: Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance analysis: there were no significant differences between pretreatment and sustained virological response. Homeostasis Model Assessment-β analysis: significant increase in genotype 1 patients (p<0.028). TyG index analysis: significant increase in genotype 1b (p<0.017), genotype 3 (p<0.024), and genotype non-1 with low viral load (p<0.039). HbA1c analysis: significant decrease in genotype 3 (p<0.001) and genotype non-1 patients with low viral load (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: We detected significant metabolic influences after sustained virological response: impairment in lipid profile and improvements in the glucose metabolism. We found significant differences in genotype dependence, genotype 1 subtypes, and viral load.

Consumption of mate Ilex paraguariensis: a folk beverage with antioxidant power against myocardial ischemic injury

The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip)and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivomyocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Iporal treatment, Iporal treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxylradicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ipand quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ippromoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.

Cardioprotective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid during ischemia and reperfusion / Efeito cardioprotetor do ácido eicosapentaenóico durante a isquemia e reperfusão

Objective: In this work, rats isolated hearts were infused EPA before the ischemia period and during reperfusion for available get well in parameter relatives to redox reactions. Methods: The effect of EPA was tested on isolated hearts induced to ischemia and reperfusion, treatment occurred at different times (ischemia or reperfusion). Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, glutathione cysteine ligase activity, glutathione concentration, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase concentration was analyzed. Results: Hearts treated with eicosapentaenoic acid had the minor generation of species reactive oxygen and lipid damage after reperfusion. The GSH concentration was higher when the hearts were treated with eicosapentaenoic acid in the period of reperfusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the dose of EPA (20µM) used before ischemia can act as a cardioprotective antioxidant molecule, prevented damage heart from ischemic and reperfusion injury

Objetivo: Neste trabalho, corações isolados de ratos foram infundidos com EPA antes do período de isquemia e durante a reperfusão para obtenção de melhora em parâmetros relativos às reações redox. Métodos: O efeito do EPA foi testado em corações isolados induzidos a isquemia e reperfusão, o tratamento ocorreu em diferentes momentos (isquemia ou reperfusão). A capacidade antioxidante contra os radicais peroxil, atividade da glutationa cisteína ligase, concentração de glutationa, lactato desidrogenase e concentração de creatina quinase foi analisada. Resultados: Corações tratados com ácido eicosapentaenóico tiveram a menor geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e danos lipídicos após a reperfusão. A concentração de GSH foi maior quando os corações foram tratados com ácido eicosapentaenóico no período de reperfusão. Conclusão: Em conclusão, este estudo demonstra que a dose de EPA (20µM) utilizada antes da isquemia pode atuar como uma molécula antioxidante cardioprotetora, prevenindo danos ao coração por isquemia e lesão de reperfusão.

Vaccination coverage against human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated factors in female academics from a university in southwestern Goiás, Brazil / Cobertura vacinal contra o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) e fatores associados em acadêmicas de uma universidade do sudoeste goiano

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To check the coverage of the HPV vaccine in women enrolled in health courses at a university in southwest Goiás, Brazil, and the factors associated with vaccination. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, including female university students of health courses, aged 18 years or more. A standardized and self-applying questionnaire was used. Participants who received two or more doses of the vaccine were considered immunized. Multiple analysis was performed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULT We observed that, of the 1510 participants, 473 (31.3%) had two or more doses of HPV vaccine, 167 (11.0%) one dose and 870 (57.6%) were unvaccinated. Participants under 21 years of age and in socioeconomic stratum A were 2 times more likely to have received two or more doses of the vaccine (Prevalence Ratio = 1.95; 95%CI 1.40-2.70 and Prevalence Ratio = 2.09; 95%CI 1.39-3.13, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The research revealed extensive possibility for interventions with the aim of achieving greater vaccination coverage among female university students. Even women with more knowledge and high economic stratum showed low vaccination coverage, suggesting that results of higher vaccine coverage can be obtained with vaccination carried out in a school environment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar a cobertura da vacina contra o HPV em mulheres matriculadas em cursos da área de saúde de uma universidade do sudoeste do Estado de Goiás e os fatores associados à vacinação. MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo transversal, incluindo universitárias dos cursos da área de saúde, com 18 anos ou mais. Foi utilizado questionário padronizado e autoaplicável. As participantes que receberam duas ou mais doses da vacina foram consideradas como imunizadas. A análise múltipla foi realizada por meio de regressão logística multinomial. RESULTADOS Observou-se que, das 1510 participantes, 473 (31,3%) com duas ou mais doses de vacina contra o HPV, 167 (11,0%) com uma dose e 870 (57,6%) não vacinadas. As participantes com menos de 21 anos e inseridas no estrato socioeconômico A tinham 2 vezes mais chance de terem recebido duas doses ou mais da vacina (Razão de Prevalência = 1,95; IC95% 1,40-2,70 e Razão de Prevalência = 2,09; IC95% 1.39-3,13, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES A pesquisa revelou extensa possibilidade para intervenções com o objetivo de atingir maior cobertura vacinal entre as universitárias. Mesmo mulheres com mais conhecimento e de estrato econômico elevado apresentaram baixa cobertura vacinal, sugerindo que resultados de cobertura vacinal maior podem ser obtidos com a vacinação realizada em ambiente escolar.

Prevalence and associated factors with depression and anxiety in prisoners in South of Brazil

Abstract Background Brazil has the third largest prison population in the world. Research in the world has confirmed a high prevalence of mental disorders in this population. Objective To identify prevalence and associated factors with depression and anxiety in prisoners of the closed prison system. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with 643 prisoners were interviewed in six prisons in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To evaluate depression and anxiety, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI) was used and sociodemographic, inprisonment and lifestyle habits variables were also collected. Results The prevalence of depression found in the study was 20.6% (95% CI: 17.5-23.8) and of anxiety was 19.9% (95% CI: 16.8-23.0). The following were identified as risk factors for depression: being female, having a history of mental illness, non-white skin color, having a religion, not receiving visits, smoking, using drugs and not performing physical activities. Risk factors for anxiety were: being female, having a history of mental illness, a family history of mental illness, smoking and using drugs. Discussion The study confirmed the high rates of depression and anxiety in the population deprived of liberty. In addition, women were twice as likely to have both disorders compared to men.

Avaliação Psicométrica da versão brasileira do "Questionário sobre Conhecimento de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis" / Psychometric Evaluation of the Brazilian Version of the "Sexually Transmitted Disease Knowledge Questionnaire"

Resumo Este estudo analisou as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Questionário sobre Conhecimento de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (STD-KQ). Participou uma amostra de conveniência de 429 estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira. A análise fatorial exploratória sugere uma estrutura com um fator (variância explicada = 61,1%; eigenvalue = 7,2), sendo corroborada pela análise confirmatória (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,04; Comparative Fit Index = 0,91; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,90; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0,05). Cinco itens apresentaram carga menor que 0,30 e por isso foram excluídos. O instrumento demonstrou consistência interna (confiabilidade composta = 0,97; alfa de Cronbach = 0,83) e estabilidade temporal (correlação de Pearson = 0, 86; kappa = 0,16) para um curto período. O conhecimento significativamente variou conforme a idade, o sexo e o curso. Concluindo, o presente estudo destaca as satisfatórias propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do STD-KQ em estudantes universitários.

Abstract This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Sexually Transmitted Disease Knowledge Questionnaire (STD-KQ). A convenience sample of 429 students of a Brazilian public university participated in the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested one factor solution (variance explained = 61.1%, eigenvalue = 7.2), confirmed by the confirmatory analysis (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.04; Comparative Fit Index = 0.91; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.90; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.05). Five items feature charges less than 0.30 and wer eliminated. The instrument demonstrated internal consistency (Composite reliability = 0.97; Cronbach's alpha = 0.83) and temporal stability (Pearson correlation = 0.86; kappa = 0.16) over a brief period. The knowledge significantly varies by age, sex and course of study. In conclusion, this study highlights the satisfactory psychometric proprieties of the Brazilian version of STD-KQ in university students.

Conhecimento de acadêmicos de enfermagem acerca da violência contra mulher / Knowledge of nursing academics about violence against women / Conocimiento de académicos de enfermería acerca de la violencia contra mujer

Objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento de acadêmicos de enfermagem acerca da temática violência contra a mulher. O estudo é do tipo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 40 Acadêmicos do Curso de Enfermagem concluintes do 9° semestre da Faculdade de Enfermagem do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, da Universidade Federal do Pará. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os depoimentos referiram a importância da temática ser abordada na Graduação, de tal modo que contribua para sua formação profissional tornandoos preparados para o enfrentamento e melhoria da assistência a essas mulheres vítima de violência. Conclui-se que a formação profissional na área da saúde para cuidar de mulheres vítimas de violência ainda é insatisfatória. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para o aumentado da visibilidade do tema no meio acadêmico, fazendo com que a Graduação seja um ambiente de fomentação de debate e reflexão.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify the knowledge of nursing students about the theme of violence against women. The study is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The sample consisted of 40 undergraduate students of the Nursing Course who completed the 9th semester of the Nursing Faculty of the Health Sciences Institute of the Federal University of Pará. Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview and the analysis was used of Bardin content. The testimonies mentioned the importance of the subject being approached in the Graduation, in such a way that it contributes to their professional formation making them prepared for the confrontation and improvement of the assistance to these women victims of violence. It is concluded that professional training in the area of health care for women victims of violence is still unsatisfactory. It is hoped that this study contributes to the increase of the visibility of the subject in the academic environment, making graduation an environment of fomenting debate and reflection.(AU)

Se objetivó identificar el conocimiento de académicos de enfermería acerca de la temática violencia contra la mujer. El estudio es del tipo descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo. La muestra fue constituida por 40 Académicos del Curso de Enfermería concluyentes del 9º semestre de la Facultad de Enfermería del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Federal de Pará. La recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada y se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Los testimonios refirieron la importancia de la temática ser abordada en la Graduación, de tal modo que contribuya a su formación profesional haciéndolos preparados para el enfrentamiento y mejora de la asistencia a esas mujeres víctima de violencia. Se concluye que la formación profesional en el área de la salud para cuidar de mujeres víctimas de violencia sigue siendo insatisfactoria. Se espera que este estudio contribuya al aumento de la visibilidad del tema en el medio académico, haciendo que la Graduación sea un ambiente de fomentación de debate y reflexión.(AU)

Frequency and associated factors with failure to perform the puerperal consultation in a cohort study / Frequência e fatores associados à não realização da consulta puerperal em um estudo de coorte

Abstract Objectives: to identify the frequency and factors associated with the non-realization of puerperal consultations in women resident of a medium-sized municipality in Brazil. Methods: a prospective cohort study based on data collected in two time points, the first 48h and after the 42nd day post-childbirth. In order to analyze data, proportions were compared using the chi-square test, and the adjusted analysis was performed using Poisson regression, according to a predetermined hierarchical model. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: of the 572 women included in the study, 24.8% did not perform puerperal consul-tations. The factors associated with the non-realization of puerperal consultations were: lower income (1 st tercile PR= 2.01; CI95%= 1.21-3.33 - 2 nd tercile PR= 1.94; CI95%=1.17-3.20) and schooling (≤ 8 years PR= 2.00; CI95%= 1.24-3.24), comorbidities during preg-nancy (PR= 1.45; CI95%= 1.01-2.09), realization of antenatal care in the public service (PR= 1.74; CI95%= 1.18-2.58) and non-use of contraceptive methods (PR= 3.10; CI95%=1.86-5.16). Conclusions: puerperal revision does not seem to be valued in the antenatal care, mainly in the public health system. An important inequality was identified in the provision of this service, since women more prone to recurring pregnancy and with lower income and schooling were the ones that least returned to the puerperal consultation.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a frequência da não realização das consultas de puerpério e fatores associados em mulheres residentes de um município de médio porte no Brasil. Métodos: estudo de coorte prospectiva através da coleta de dados em dois momentos, nas primeiras 48h e após o 42º dia pós-parto. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e, para a análise ajustada, Regressão de Poisson obedecendo ao modelo hierárquico pré-determinado. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: das 572 mulheres incluídas no estudo, 24,8% não realizaram consulta de puerpério. Os fatores associados a não realização da consulta de puerpério foram: menor renda (1º tercil RP= 2,01 IC95%= 1,21-3,33 - 2º tercil RP= 1,94 IC95%= 1,17-3,20), escolaridade (≤ 8 anos RP= 2,00 IC95%= 1,24-3,24); mulheres que apresentaram alguma comorbidade durante a gestação (RP 1,45; IC95%= 1,01-2,09), realizaram o pré-natal em serviço público (RP= 1,74; IC95%= 1,18-2,58) e que não usaram método anticoncepcional (RP= 3,10; IC95%= 1,86-5,16). Conclusões: a revisão puerperal não parece estar sendo valorizada no pré-natal, principalmente no sistema público de saúde. Foi identificada uma importante iniquidade na prestação desse serviço, pois as mulheres de menor renda, escolaridade e mais expostas a uma gravidez recorrente foram as que menos retornaram à consulta puerperal.

Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da sífilis congênita no estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre 2001 e 2012 / Temporal trend and spatial distribution of congenital syphilis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 2001 and 2012

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a tendência temporal e a distribuição espacial da Sífilis Congênita (SC) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os casos notificados pelo Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação entre 2001 e 2012 foram incluídos. Os números de nascidos vivos foram obtidos do SINASC/DATASUS. As taxas de incidência de SC foram agrupados conforme as microrregiões do IBGE e analisados para todo o período e em triênios. A correlação espacial foi analisada pelo índice de Moran global (I) e local. Foram notificados 3.613 casos. Entre 2007 e 2012 morreram 89 neonatos (3,6%). As taxas de SC variaram de 1,03 em 2001 a 5,1 casos por 1.000 nascidos vivos em 2012, com um incremento anual de 0,84 casos por 1.000 nascidos vivos (p < 0,01) e 93,88% da variação explicada. As microrregiões foram espacialmente independentes (I = 0,06; p = 0,25), tendo Porto Alegre a maior incidência (4,19 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos) e Jaguarão a menor (0,23 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos). Observaram-se microrregiões com dependência espacial local significativa. O aumento dos casos de SC salienta um déficit na qualidade do pré-natal. A identificação das microrregiões com maior incidência é essencial para focalizar as políticas públicas sobre esse tema.

Abstract The scope of the study was to evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of congenital syphilis (CS) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. All cases reported by the SINASC/DATASUS between 2001 and 2012 were included. The number of live births was obtained from DATASUS. Incidence rates of CS were grouped according to micro-regions of IBGE and analyzed for the entire period and for triennia. The spatial correlation was analyzed by the global Moran index (I) and the local index. 3,613 cases were reported. Between 2007 and 2012 89 neonates (3.6%) died. Rates varied from to 1.03 in 2001 to 5.1 cases per 1000 live births in 2012, with an annual increase of 0.84 cases per 1000 live births (p < 0.01) and 93.88% of explained variance. The micro-regions were spatially independent (I = 0.06; p = 0.25), with Porto Alegre having the highest incidence (4.19 cases / 1000 live births) and Jaguarão the lowest (0.23 cases / 1000 live births). Micro-regions with significant local spatial dependence were observed. The increase in cases of CS highlights poor prenatal quality care. Identification of the micro-regions with the highest incidence is essential to focus public policy on this health problem.

Risco do uso do formol na estética capilar riesgo del uso del formol en la estética capilar / Risk of the use of formol in hair aesthetics

Resumo:Buscou-se determinar a apresentação nos meios de comunicação dos riscos do uso de formol na estética capilar por meio de notícias de lesões corporais e morte; reconhecer a percepção de profissionais cabeleireiros da cidade de Petrópolis- RJ, Brasil, sobre esses riscos e evidenciar a presença da substância em cosméticos. Para tanto, analisaram-se matérias jornalísticas, divulgadas após 2007, relacionadas a casos reais de exposição ao formol. Realizou-se também inquérito com 12 profissionais cabeleireiros, buscando determinar o conhecimento sobre a presença ou adição de formol em produtos alisantes e dos riscos à saúde ocasionados pelo uso da substância, além da relação que faziam entre o formol e ocorrências clínicas neles próprios ou em seus clientes. Na ocasião, foram solicitadas amostras de produtos para a determinação qualitativa do formol. Das 12 amostras analisadas, 9 (75%) apresentaram teor de formol superior a 0,01%. Reconheceu-se que apesar da regulamentação e de algum conhecimento dos cabeleireiros sobre os riscos, o uso do formol em alisantes continua. Foi possível detectar a substância nos produtos examinados. Entretanto, diminuíram as reportagens sobre casos de intoxicação aguda por formol na estética capilar.

Resumen:Se buscó determinar la presentación en los medios de comunicación de los riesgos del uso de formol en la estética capilar por medio de noticias de lesiones corporales y muerte; Reconocer la percepción de profesionales peluqueros de la ciudad de Petrópolis-RJ, Brasil, sobre esos riesgos y evidenciar la presencia de la sustancia en cosméticos. Para ello, se analizaron materias periodísticas, divulgadas después de 2007, relacionadas a casos reales de exposición al formol. Se realizaron también encuestas con 12 profesionales peluqueros, buscando determinar el conocimiento sobre la presencia o adición de formol en productos alisantes y de los riesgos a la salud ocasionados por el uso de la sustancia, además de la relación que hacían entre el formol y ocurrencias clínicas en ellos mismos o en Sus clientes. En la ocasión, se solicitaron muestras de productos para la determinación cualitativa del formol. De las 12 muestras analizadas, 9 (75%) presentaron un contenido de formol superior al 0,01%. Se reconoció que a pesar de la reglamentación y de algún conocimiento de los peluqueros sobre los riesgos, el uso del formol en alisantes continúa. Es posible detectar la sustancia en los productos examinados. Sin embargo, disminuyeron los reportajes sobre casos de intoxicación aguda por formol en la estética capilar.

Abstract:It was sought to determine the media presentation of risks formaldehyde used in hair aesthetics, by the news about personal injury and death; recognize the perception of hairdressing professionals in Petrópolis-RJ, Brazil, on these risks and highlight the presence of the substance in cosmetics. Therefore, it was analyzed newspaper articles, published after 2007, related to real cases of exposure to formaldehyde. It was also conducted survey of 12 professional hairdressers and to determine the knowledge of the presence or addition of formaldehyde in hair straighteners products and the health risks caused by the use of the substance and the relation that were between formaldehyde and clinical events in themselves or its customers. At the time, product samples were requested for the qualitative determination of formaldehyde. In the 12 samples, 9 (75%) had concentration greater than 0.01% formaldehyde. It was recognized that despite the regulation and some knowledge of hairdressers about the risks, the use of formaldehyde in hair straighteners continues. It was possible to detect the substance in the products examined.However, it were decreased the reports of cases of acute formaldehyde toxication in hair aesthetics.

Características do consumo alimentar de funcionários e professores de uma universidade comunitária / Characteristics of food consumption of employees and teachers in a community university

Introdução: A transição nutricional em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento é identificada por um processo de mudança nos padrões alimentares e estado nutricional.Objetivo: Investigar o consumo alimentar de funcionários e professores de uma universidade comunitária do Sul do Brasil. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que foram convidados todos os professores e funcionários da Universidade de Passo Fundo. O instrumento de pesquisa foi elaborado em formulário on-line, enviado via endereço eletrônico em cinco momentos durante o período de maio a julho de 2016. O consumo alimentar foi investigado por meio do questionário do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira "Como está sua alimentação?" publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Dos 2234 professores e funcionários, 489 responderam a pesquisa, sendo que a maioria era do sexo feminino (62,8%), tinham idade entre 19 e 49 anos (80,7%), pertenciam às classes econômicas A e B (75,8%), eram casados/união estável (68%) e possuíam pós-graduação (48,1%). Destacam-se nessa amostra: o consumo adequado de leguminosas, a retirada de gordura e a não adição de sal em alimentos prontos. Porém, foi encontrado elevado percentual de consumo alimentar regular, baixo consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras, leite e derivados, água e alto consumo de carnes. Conclusão: Sabe-se que a maioria dos hábitos encontrados é considerada fator de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e o conhecimento desse perfil na população estudada contribui para traçar ações de educação alimentar e nutricional para esse público, como prevenção de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Além disso, o ambiente de trabalho deve ser um espaço que proporcionepráticas alimentares saudáveis.

Introduction: The nutritional transition in developed and developing countries is identified by a process of change in dietary patterns and nutritional status. Objective:Toinvestigate the food consumption of employees and professors in a community university in the Southern Region of Brazil. Patients and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study, in which all the professors and employees of the University of Passo Fundo were invited. The research instrument was prepared in an online form, sent by electronic mail in five moments from May to July, 2016. Food consumption was investigated through the questionnaire of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population "How is your food?" which was published by the Ministry of Health. Results: Of the 2,234 professors and employees invited, 489 answered the survey. The majority of the sample (62.8%) were female, with age ranging from 19 to 49 years (80.7%). Regarding economic classes A and B, 75.8% were married and 68% are in a stable union. As for schooling, 48.1% had a graduate degree. We could point out in the study sample the adequate consumption of leguminous, fat removal, and the non-addition of salt in ready-to-eat foods. However, it was found a high percentage of regular food consumption, low consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk, milk and dairy products, water, and high meat consumption. Conclusion: It is known that most of the habits found are considered risk factors for chronic non communicable diseases. The acknowledgment of this profile in the population studied contributes toward the development of food and nutrition education actions, such as prevention of risk factors for chronic non communicable diseases. In addition, the work environment should be a space that provides healthy eating practices.

O conhecimento de mulheres sobre os métodos para prevenção secundária do câncer de mama / Women's knowledge of methods for secondary prevention of breast cancer

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento das mulheres sobre métodos de rastreamento do câncer de mama. Estudo de base populacional com mulheres de 18 anos ou mais em Rio Grande, entre abril e novembro de 2011. Entrevistadoras aplicavam questionário pré-codificado em todas as mulheres do domicílio selecionado. Construiuse um modelo para cada forma de rastreamento (autoexame das mamas, mamografia e exame clínico), analisados por regressão de Poisson. Das 1596 mulheres entrevistadas, 1355 referiram o autoexame, 456, a mamografia e, apenas 191, o exame clínico da mama, realizado por um profissional de saúde, como importantes para a prevenção do câncer de mama. As mulheres brancas, e com 11 anos ou mais de escolaridade, tiveram maior probabilidade de referirem a mamografia e o exame clínico como métodos de rastreamento. Para esses dois desfechos, também se observou uma tendência linear, sendo que a probabilidade de referir uma dessas formas de rastreamento se incrementou na medida em que aumentaram os quartis de renda. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de maior esclarecimento da população sobre os métodos de prevenção, evitando, assim, o diagnóstico tardio. Evidenciou-se que as mulheres não brancas e as de baixa escolaridade e renda, demonstraram menos conhecimentos sobre os métodos de exame clínico e mamografia.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate women's knowledge of methods for screening breast cancer. The study was done on a population of women aged 18 or over in the city of Rio Grande between April and November 2011. Interviewers used questionnaires on all of the women at selected households. Models were developed for every type of screening (self-examination of breasts, mammography, and clinical exams) that were analyzed through the use of Poisson regression. Out of the 1596 women interviewed, 1355 reported self-examination, 456, mammography, and only 191, clinical examination of the breast, performed by a health professional, as important for the prevention of breast cancer. White women with 11 years or more worth of schooling had a greater probability of having mammography exams and clinical examinations as methods for screening. We noted, linked to the aforementioned, that there was a linear tendency whereby there was a greater probability for those with high incomes to undergo one of the above interventions. The study noted that there was a need for more detailed information aimed at the population on prevention methods in order to avoid late diagnosis. We noted that non-white women with little education and on low incomes showed less knowledge of clinical examination methods and mammographies.

Characterisation of complete high- and low-risk human papillomavirus genomes isolated from cervical specimens in southern Brazil

The classification of human papillomavirus (HPV) intratypic lineages by complete genome sequencing is a determinant in understanding biological differences in association with this disease. In this work, we have characterised complete HPV genomes from southern Brazil. Fifteen cervicovaginal Pap smear negative samples previously categorised as HPV-positive were sequenced using ultradeep sequencing, and 18 complete genomes from 13 different HPV types were assembled. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses were performed to classify the HPV genomes into lineages and sublineages. This is the first report describing the distribution of HPV intratype lineages of high and low oncogenic risk in asymptomatic women from southern Brazil.

Perfil do consumo de álcool e prática do beber pesado episódico entre universitários brasileiros da área da saúde / Alcohol consumption and episodic heavy drinking among undergraduate students from the health area of a Brazilian university

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar entre os universitários da área da saúde de uma universidade brasileira a prevalência, o perfil do consumo de álcool e a prática do beber pesado episódico (BPE). Métodos Estudo transversal, quantitativo, com amostra randomizada dos universitários dos 12 cursos da saúde. Foram aplicados questionários individualizados, em formulário eletrônico, utilizando a escala AUDIT, após consentimento informado. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados Entre os 619 estudantes selecionados, a prevalência de consumo de álcool foi de 85%, com perfil do consumo de baixo risco (77,1%). Consumo nocivo e provável dependência foram detectados em 2,7%. A prática do BPE foi de 51,6%, quase o dobro em comparação com outros estudos. As características que mais se associaram ao consumo de álcool foram: ser solteiro, do sexo masculino e frequentar festas semanalmente. Conclusão O consumo de álcool é elevado entre os estudantes avaliados, embora a maioria esteja no perfil de baixo risco. Contudo, fica evidente a necessidade de ações educativas para a promoção da saúde do estudante, visando à redução e ao consumo consciente de bebidas alcoólicas.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify among university students of the health area of a Brazilian university the prevalence, alcohol consumption profile and the practice of episodic heavy drinking (EHD). Methods A cross-sectional, quantitative study with a randomized sample of university students from 12 health courses. Individual questionnaires were used, in an electronic form, using the AUDIT scale, after informed consent. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed. Results Among the 619 students selected, the prevalence of alcohol consumption was 85%, profile of low risk consumption (77.1%). Harmful consumption and probable dependence were detected in 2.7%. The HDE practice was 51.6%, almost double when compared to other studies. The characteristics that were most associated with alcohol consumption were: being single, male and attending parties weekly. Conclusion Alcohol consumption is high among the students evaluated, although most are in the low risk profile. However, it is evident the need for educational actions to promote student health, aiming at the reduction and conscious consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Human papillomavirus type distribution and HPV16 intratype diversity in southern Brazil in women with and without cervical lesions

BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that human papillomavirus (HPV) intratype variants (specific lineages and sublineages) are associated with pathogenesis and progression from HPV infection to persistence and the development of cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify the prevalence of HPV infection and distribution of HPV types and HPV16 variants in southern Brazil in women with normal cytology or intraepithelial lesions. METHODS HPV typing was determined by L1 gene sequencing. To identify HPV16 variants, the LCR and E6 regions were sequenced, and characteristic single nucleotide variants were identified. FINDINGS A total of 445 samples were studied, with 355 from cervical scrapes and 90 from cervical biopsies. HPV was detected in 24% and 91% of these samples, respectively. The most prevalent HPV types observed were 16 (cervical, 24%; biopsies, 57%) and 58 (cervical, 12%; biopsies, 12%). Seventy-five percent of the HPV16-positive samples were classified into lineages, with 88% defined as lineage A, 10% as lineage D, and 2% as lineage B. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study identified a high frequency of European and North American HPV16 lineages, consistent with the genetic background of the human population in southern Brazil.

Pregnancy recurrence in adolescents in Southern Brazil / Recorrência de gestação em adolescentes do extremo sul do Brasil

Summary Objective: To determine the pregnancy recurrence among adolescents and young people in a city located in the extreme south of Brazil and to identify associated factors. Method: One hundred and twelve (112) women participated, having delivered their children in 2010, while adolescents. The sample was stratified in two stages, being the first a census of the whole population of the city and the second a convenience sample. For statistical analysis, Pearson Chi-square test was used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The recurrence rate was 53.6%, with an average of 28.6 months. At the time of delivery, in 2010, recurrence was significantly associated with level of education (p=0.044) as well as not being in school (p=0.036). In 2014, the factors associated were level of education (p<0.001), transcript of grades (p=0.030) and income (p=0.030). Conclusion: Recurrence of teenage pregnancy represents a lack of importance given to formal education, a fact that mitigates the opportunities and hinders insertion in the labor market, creating a cycle of social inequality. Multidisciplinary efforts involving schools, health services and the youth in educational activities are thus vital, aiming at critical thinking to transform reality.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a recorrência de gravidez em adolescentes de um município no extremo sul do Brasil e identificar os fatores associados. Método: Participaram 112 mulheres que tiveram filho em 2010, quando eram adolescentes. A amostra foi estudada em dois estágios, sendo no primeiro por meio de um censo do município e no segundo por uma seleção de conveniência. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A taxa de recorrência de gravidez encontrada foi de 53,6% com tempo médio de 28,6 meses. No momento do parto, em 2010, estiveram significativamente associados à recorrência a escolaridade (p=0,044) e o fato de não estar estudando (p=0,036). Em 2014, foram a escolaridade (p<0,001), o histórico escolar (p=0,030) e a renda (p=0,030). Conclusão: A recorrência de gravidez na adolescência representa a pouca valorização da educação formal, o que mitiga a vivência de oportunidades e dificulta a inserção no mercado de trabalho, criando um ciclo de desigualdade social. É imprescindível unir esforços multidisciplinares nas escolas e nos serviços de saúde, em conjunto com os jovens, em ações educativas que visem a uma relação crítica reflexiva transformadora da realidade.

Prevalence of Candida spp. in cervical-vaginal samples and the in vitro susceptibility of isolates

Abstract Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infection of the genital mucosa caused by different species of the genus Candida. Considering the lack of data on this topic in the south of Brazil, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in the cervical-vaginal mucosa of patients treated at a university hospital in southern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the etiology and the susceptibility of the isolates against fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole and nystatin. Samples were collected at the gynecology clinic of the Federal Hospital of the University of Rio Grande, and the isolates were identified using phenotypic and biochemical tests. The susceptibility analysis was performed according to the CLSI M27-A2 protocol. Of the 263 patients included, Candida spp. was isolated in 27%, corresponding to a prevalence of approximately 15% for both VVC and colonization. More than 60% of the isolates were identified as Candida albicans; C. non-albicans was isolated at a rate of 8.6% in symptomatic patients and 14.3% in asymptomatic patients. The prevalence of resistance against fluconazole and itraconazole was 42% and 48%, respectively; the minimal inhibitory concentration of miconazole ranged from 0.031 to 8 µg/mL, and that of nystatin ranged from 2 to >16 µg/mL. The high rate of resistance to triazoles observed in our study suggests the necessity of the association of laboratory exams to clinical diagnosis to minimize the practice of empirical treatments that can contribute to the development of resistance in the isolates.

Avaliação da Disponibilidade para Aprendizagem Interprofissional de Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde / An Evaluation of Health Sciences Students’ Readiness for Interprofessional Learning

RESUMO A educação interprofissional é uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento das competências colaborativas na formação de estudantes na área da saúde, com experiências ainda escassas no Brasil. Essa dificuldade de implementação deve-se principalmente a resistências institucionais, de professores e estudantes, a entraves curriculares e ao corporativismo das profissões. Por isso, destaca-se a importância deste artigo em compartilhar uma experiência de educação interprofissional, em que se buscou avaliar a disponibilidade para aprendizagem interprofissional de estudantes do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR). Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi uma casuística de 770 estudantes dos cursos de Educação Física, Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia, Odontologia, Medicina, Nutrição, Psicologia e Terapia Ocupacional que estavam no primeiro, na metade e nos últimos semestres. Foi aplicado o questionário Readiness Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS), versão adaptada ao português, validada para cursos de graduação. Por meio do programa Epidata 3.1, construiu-se um banco de dados, com a validação de dupla digitação. O banco de dados foi exportado para o programa Stata 12.0, em que se realizou a análise dos dados. Para análise da diferença estatística significante, calculou-se o teste t e Anova para a diferença de médias e Qui-Quadrado para a concordância das assertivas isoladamente, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Da amostra, participaram 186 (24,2%) homens e 584 (75,8%) mulheres. Houve significância estatística (p-valor = 0,0082) em relação à média superior das mulheres (109,27) em desenvolver competências colaborativas em comparação aos homens (107,5). Também foi observado um decréscimo do escore de competências colaborativas com o aumento do grupo etário, pois no grupo de 16-20 anos a média foi de 110, e nos grupos de 21-25 e acima de 26 anos foi de 108,2 (p-valor = 0,016). A média geral de desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas de todos os participantes da pesquisa foi de 108,8, não havendo diferença significativa por curso (p-valor = 0,947). Ainda foi analisado que os alunos concluintes possuem menor potencial para desenvolver competências colaborativas (107,93) do que os intermediários (108,7) e ingressantes (110,3) (p-valor = 0,0052). O estudo aponta que os estudantes ingressantes apresentaram alta disponibilidade para a educação interprofissional, tornando propício que, no início da vida acadêmica, as habilidades de trabalho em equipe e colaboração, identidade profissional e atenção centrada no paciente sejam fortalecidas nos currículos sem apresentar resistência do estudante, sendo importante desenvolver essas ações até o final do curso.

ABSTRACT Interprofessional learning is an important tool in the development of collaborative competences among health sciences students. We believe the following study is highly relevant due to the fact that experience in this concept has been limited in Brazil, particularly due to resistance from institutions, teachers, and students, also hampered as it is by bureaucratic obstacles and professional corporatism. Using cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative, and observational methodology, we evaluated the readiness for interprofessional learning among health sciences students at the University of Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil. With the sample consisting of 770 nursing, physical education, pharmacy, physical therapy, speech therapy, dentistry, nutrition, psychology, medicine, and occupational therapy students in their early, middle and late semesters, information was collected by means of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale Questionnaire translated into Portuguese and validated for undergraduate students. A database was built with the Epidata 3.1 software, using two-pass verification and exported to Stata 12.0 for analysis. Differences in scores were analyzed with the t test and Anova, while agreement between statements was evaluated with the chi-square test. The level of statistical significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). The participants included 186 men (24.2%) and 584 women (75.8%). On average, women scored significantly better (109.27) than men (107.5) with regard to the development of collaborative competences (p = 0.0082). The overall average score was 108.8, with no significant difference between courses (p = 0.947). Average scores, did, however, not only decrease with age (16-20 years = 110; 21-25 years and >26 years = 108.2) (p = 0.016), but also according to length of attendance (early semesters = 110.3; middle semesters = 108.7; late semesters = 107.93) (p = 0.0052). The readiness for interprofessional learning displayed by students in their early semesters shows that the concepts of team work/collaboration, professional identity, and patient-centered care may be strengthened in the early semesters of the curriculum without encountering significant resistance on the part of the students, suggesting such practices should be encouraged throughout the entire course.

Sodium reduction in margarine using NaCl substitutes

ABSTRACT Sodium chloride is traditionally used as a food additive in food processing. However, because of its high sodium content, NaCl has been associated with chronic diseases. Margarine is a popular product that is used in several preparations, but it includes high sodium content; therefore, it is among the products whose sodium content should be reduced. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce margarines with reduced sodium content prepared using a salt mixture. The following 4 margarine formulations were prepared: Formulation A (control - 0% sodium reduction), Formulation B (20.8% less sodium), Formulation C (33.0% less sodium) and Formulation D (47.4% less sodium). The low sodium formulations were produced using a salt mixture consisting of NaCl, KCl, and monosodium glutamate at different concentrations. The margarines were evaluated using an acceptance test and descriptive tests: time-intensity and temporal dominance of sensations. The mixture used is a good alternative for preparing low sodium margarine because the low sodium formulations feature equal salinity and do not produce a strange or bad taste. Furthermore, it may be possible to prepare margarines with up to 47.4% less sodium and that are acceptable to consumers.